Hyperparathyroidism is a condition that affects the parathyroid glands, which play a critical role in regulating calcium levels in the body. When one or more of these glands become overactive, it results in high levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and elevated calcium levels in the blood. While some people with hyperparathyroidism remain asymptomatic, many experience a wide array of troubling symptoms. This article will delve into the most common hyperparathyroidism symptoms, their impact on the body, and why timely diagnosis and treatment are essential.

What Causes Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms?

The overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) leads to high calcium levels in the blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia. While calcium is vital for healthy bones, muscles, and nerves, too much of it can lead to serious health issues. The symptoms of hyperparathyroidism are typically the result of prolonged high calcium levels in the blood and the body's tissues. These symptoms can affect nearly every organ system in the body, with particular emphasis on the bones, kidneys, digestive system, and neurological functions.

Understanding Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms: A Guide by the Norman Parathyroid Center

The Most Common Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms

1. Chronic Fatigue and Lack of Energy
   Fatigue is perhaps one of the most widely reported symptoms of hyperparathyroidism. Many patients describe a persistent, overwhelming tiredness that does not improve with rest. This fatigue can affect day-to-day life, leading to decreased productivity and difficulty performing routine tasks. The energy depletion is often coupled with feelings of weakness, as if the muscles have lost their strength.

2. Bone and Joint Pain
   Since calcium is continuously pulled from the bones due to the elevated PTH levels, individuals with hyperparathyroidism often suffer from bone and joint pain. This pain can occur in various parts of the body but is frequently felt in the legs, hands, and feet. In severe cases, the prolonged loss of calcium from bones can lead to conditions like osteopenia or osteoporosis, significantly increasing the risk of fractures.

3. Kidney Stones and Renal Issues
   The kidneys are another organ directly impacted by high calcium levels. Hyperparathyroidism symptoms often include the development of kidney stones, which can cause severe pain in the lower back or side, blood in the urine, and frequent infections. Untreated hyperparathyroidism can also lead to chronic kidney disease as the kidneys work overtime to filter the excess calcium.

4. Mental Fog, Depression, and Anxiety
   One of the lesser-known hyperparathyroidism symptoms involves the brain. Patients frequently report “brain fog,” a term used to describe difficulties with concentration, memory loss, and confusion. Many also experience changes in their emotional health, including feelings of depression and anxiety. These cognitive and emotional changes are due to the effects of high calcium on the nervous system.

5. Digestive Issues: Heartburn and GERD
   Many patients with hyperparathyroidism develop gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly acid reflux or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). This occurs because high calcium levels stimulate excess stomach acid production, leading to chronic heartburn, indigestion, and other digestive problems.

6. Hypertension and Cardiovascular Concerns
   High blood pressure (hypertension) is another common symptom linked to hyperparathyroidism. Over time, elevated calcium levels can affect the heart’s ability to function properly. Some patients may also develop arrhythmias or irregular heartbeats, and in rare cases, long-term hyperparathyroidism can increase the risk of stroke or heart attack.

7. Thinning Hair and Dry Skin
   While not as commonly recognized as other symptoms, many women with hyperparathyroidism experience hair thinning, particularly around the front of the scalp. This hair loss is typically gradual and may be accompanied by dry, brittle skin.

8. Frequent Headaches and Migraines
   Recurring headaches or migraines are often reported by those suffering from hyperparathyroidism. While the exact cause of these headaches is not fully understood, they are likely related to the overall effects of high calcium levels on the brain and nervous system.

9. General Irritability and Mood Swings
   Mood swings and irritability are common emotional symptoms of hyperparathyroidism. Patients frequently mention feeling short-tempered or unusually agitated without a clear cause, which can add to the emotional toll of the condition.

Why Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms Vary

The severity of hyperparathyroidism symptoms can vary widely from one individual to another. Some patients may experience mild symptoms that they attribute to aging or other unrelated conditions, while others may suffer from a more pronounced set of issues that severely impact their quality of life. In general, the longer hyperparathyroidism goes untreated, the more severe the symptoms become.

In mild cases, patients might only notice fatigue or occasional headaches. However, as calcium levels remain elevated over time, more serious complications can develop, including kidney damage, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular problems. That’s why it is important to recognize these early signs and seek medical evaluation if you suspect you may have hyperparathyroidism.

How Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms Are Diagnosed

If you are experiencing any of the aforementioned hyperparathyroidism symptoms, it’s crucial to consult with an endocrinologist or parathyroid expert. The diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism is usually made through blood tests that measure calcium and parathyroid hormone levels. Imaging studies may also be used to determine which of the parathyroid glands are overactive.

While hyperparathyroidism can be difficult to diagnose based on symptoms alone—since many of the signs overlap with other conditions—a combination of lab tests and a thorough medical history can provide clarity.

The Importance of Early Treatment in Relieving Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms

Because hyperparathyroidism is a progressive condition, it’s important to treat it as soon as possible. The only effective treatment is surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland(s). Known as parathyroidectomy, this surgery can quickly resolve symptoms and prevent long-term damage to the bones, kidneys, and cardiovascular system. 

In experienced hands, hyperparathyroidism can almost always be cured with mini-parathyroid surgery in under 20 minutes using minimally invasive methods and allowing you to go home an hour or two after your parathyroid operation. 

Patients who undergo successful parathyroid surgery often report immediate improvements in energy levels, mood, and overall well-being. Over time, the removal of the overactive gland allows calcium levels to normalize, leading to a gradual resolution of other symptoms like bone pain and kidney issues.

When it comes to treating hyperparathyroidism, choosing a high-volume, expert parathyroid surgeon is crucial for the best outcomes. These specialists have significantly higher cure rates and lower complication rates compared to lower-volume centers. Inexperienced surgeons may struggle to identify and remove all abnormal glands, which can lead to persistent symptoms, recurrence of the disease, or damage to surrounding structures. At expert centers, such as the Norman Parathyroid Center, patients benefit from a specialized approach that minimizes risks and ensures a quicker return to health.

Additional Resources:

• Learn more about the Norman Parathyroid Center.
• Read more on the Parathyroid blog.
• Become our patient.
• Check out our sister surgeons at the Clayman Thyroid Center, the Scarless Thyroid Surgery Center and the Carling Adrenal Center. We are now united under one roof, operating at the Hospital for Endocrine Surgery.